| Vitruvian Man
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The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned drawing created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487.[1] It is accompanied by notes based on the work of the famed architect, Vitruvius.
The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a male figure in
two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and
simultaneously inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text
are sometimes called the Canon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man. It is stored in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, Italy, and, like most works on paper, is displayed only occasionally.[2][3]
The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described[4] by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise De Architectura. Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion among the Classical orders
of architecture. Other artists had attempted to depict this concept,
with less success. Leonardo's drawing is traditionally named in honor of
the architect.
[edit] History
This image exemplifies the blend of art and science during the Renaissance and provides the perfect example of Leonardo's keen interest in proportion. In addition, this picture represents a cornerstone of Leonardo's attempts to relate man to nature. Encyclopaedia Britannica online states, "Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body he had produced through his anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man as a cosmografia del minor mondo (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy for the workings of the universe."
According to Leonardo's preview in the accompanying text, written in mirror writing, it was made as a study of the proportions of the (male) human body as described in Vitruvius:
- a palm is the width of four fingers
- a foot is the width of four palms (i.e., 12 inches)
- a cubit is the width of six palms
- a pace is four cubits
- a man's height is four cubits (and thus 24 palms)
- "erit eaque mensura ad manas pansas"
- the length of a man's outspread arms (arm span) is equal to his height
- the distance from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of a man's height
- the distance from the top of the head to the bottom of the chin is one-eighth of a man's height
- the distance from the bottom of the neck to the hairline is one-sixth of a man's height
- the maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of a man's height
- the distance from the middle of the chest to the top of the head is a quarter of a man's height
- the distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is a quarter of a man's height
- the distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eighth of a man's height
- the length of the hand is one-tenth of a man's height
- the distance from the bottom of the chin to the nose is one-third of the length of the head
- the distance from the hairline to the eyebrows is one-third of the length of the face
- the length of the ear is one-third of the length of the face
- the length of a man's foot is one-sixth of his height
Leonardo is clearly illustrating Vitruvius' De architectura 3.1.2-3 which reads:
For the human body is so designed by nature that the face, from the
chin to the top of the forehead and the lowest roots of the hair, is a
tenth part of the whole height; the open hand from the wrist to the tip
of the middle finger is just the same; the head from the chin to the
crown is an eighth, and with the neck and shoulder from the top of the
breast to the lowest roots of the hair is a sixth; from the middle of
the breast to the summit of the crown is a fourth. If we take the height
of the face itself, the distance from the bottom of the chin to the
under side of the nostrils is one third of it; the nose from the under
side of the nostrils to a line between the eyebrows is the same; from
there to the lowest roots of the hair is also a third, comprising the
forehead. The length of the foot is one sixth of the height of the body;
of the forearm, one fourth; and the breadth of the breast is also one
fourth. The other members, too, have their own symmetrical proportions,
and it was by employing them that the famous painters and sculptors of
antiquity attained to great and endless renown. Similarly, in the
members of a temple there ought to be the greatest harmony in the
symmetrical relations of the different parts to the general magnitude of
the whole. Then again, in the human body the central point is naturally
the navel. For if a man be placed flat on his back, with his hands and
feet extended, and a pair of compasses centred at his navel, the fingers
and toes of his two hands and feet will touch the circumference of a
circle described therefrom. And just as the human body yields a circular
outline, so too a square figure may be found from it. For if we measure
the distance from the soles of the feet to the top of the head, and
then apply that measure to the outstretched arms, the breadth will be
found to be the same as the height, as in the case of plane surfaces
which are perfectly square.[5]
The multiple viewpoint that set in with Romanticism has convinced us that there is no such thing as a universal set of proportions for the human body. The field of anthropometry was created in order to describe individual variations. Vitruvius' statements may be interpreted as statements about average
proportions. Vitruvius takes pains to give a precise mathematical
definition of what he means by saying that the navel is the center of
the body, but other definitions lead to different results; for example,
the center of mass
of the human body depends on the position of the limbs, and in a
standing posture is typically about 10 cm lower than the navel, near the
top of the hip bones.
Leonardo's drawing combines a careful reading of the ancient text
with his own observation of actual human bodies. In drawing the circle
and square he correctly observes that the square cannot have the same
center as the circle,[6]
the navel, but is somewhat lower in the anatomy. This adjustment is the
innovative part of Leonardo's drawing and what distinguishes it from
earlier illustrations. He also departs from Vitruvius by drawing the
arms raised to a position in which the fingertips are level with the top
of the head, rather than Vitruvius's much lower angle, in which the
arms form lines passing through the navel.
The drawing itself is often used as an implied symbol of the essential symmetry of the human body, and by extension, of the universe as a whole.
It may be noticed by examining the drawing that the combination of
arm and leg positions actually creates sixteen different poses. The pose
with the arms straight out and the feet together is seen to be
inscribed in the superimposed square. On the other hand, the
"spread-eagle" pose is seen to be inscribed in the superimposed circle.
The drawing was in the collection of Giuseppe Bossi, who illustrated it in his monograph on Leonardo's The Last Supper, Del Cenacolo di Leonardo Da Vinci libri quattro (1810).[7] The following year he excerpted the section of his monograph concerned with the Vitruvian Man and published it as Delle opinioni di Leonardo da Vinci intorno alla simmetria de'Corpi Umani (1811), with a dedication to his friend Antonio Canova.[8]
After Bossi's death in 1815 the Vitruvian Man was acquired, along with the bulk of his drawings, by the Accademia.
[edit] Representations in modern times
The Vitruvian Man is now used as a contemporary symbol of
medical professionals and medical establishments. Many medical companies
have adopted this artwork as the symbol of their group, company or
organization, particularly in the United States, Saudi Arabia, India,
and Germany.[citation needed] It has also come to represent alternative medicine and the holopathic approach to wellness.
The Vitruvian Man remains one of the most referenced and
reproduced artistic images in the world today. The proportions for the
human body, as proposed by Vitruvius, have inspired many other artists
in drawing their version of the Vitruvian Man:
As well as its use by the medical profession, the Vitruvian Man
has been used in a variety of fictional and non-fictional media, for
various symbolic purposes. For example, the image appears on the
national side of Italian 1 euro coins, chosen by the Economy Minister (and later President of the Italian Republic) Carlo Azeglio Ciampi for its high symbolic meaning of "man as a measure of all things".
A space-suited figure in the same superimposed poses of Vitruvian Man appears on a patch worn on the right shoulder of the American Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) space suit used by NASA.
This patch, called the EVA patch, is also awarded to spacewalkers for
use on uniform jumpsuits as an indicator that the individual has
completed a spacewalk.
Stylized Vitruvian Man figures have been adopted for the icons representing accessibility in the Mac OS[10] and Gnome desktop computer interfaces.
Particularly when used in fiction, the image of the Vitruvian Man is commonly modified to suit the setting by featuring a character,[11] a skeleton or a non-human[12] (such as a robot[13] in science fiction or an animal). The easily-recognisable image lends itself to being referenced.[14]
Modern representations
The Vitruvian Man on the italian 1 Euro
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[edit] See also
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